FOOTNOTES

¹ "Aspects of Islam," pp. 330-332.

² "Mekka," Volume II, p. 124.

³ Paul Kahle, "Zar-Beschwörungen in Egypten" in Der Islam, Band III, Heft 1, 2. Strassburg, 1912.

⁴ See Moslem World, July, 1913.

⁵ Before I heard of Miss Thompson's story I discovered in the bazaar at Cairo silver crosses engraved and sold to Moslem women by Jewish dealers. One shows Christ upon the cross, while the other represents the Virgin and has "the verse of the Throne," from the Koran, on the reverse side. They are used to cast out Christian devils by the dreaded power—i.e., the cross of the Christians.

⁶ I.e., the first or opening chapter of the Koran.

⁷ "Bilder aus Oberägypten," p. 380.

⁸ "Travels in Abyssinia and the Galla Country," quoted by Paul Kahle.

⁹ Neglected Arabia, a quarterly published by the Arabian Mission, New York, January, 1918. Mrs. Dijkstra uses the word zar for the victim as well as for the ceremony.

¹⁰ "Harems et Musulmanes d'Egypte" (Paris), out of print, pp. 270-274.

¹¹ See The Moslem World, July, 1913. Article by Elizabet Franke, based on Kahle's investigations.

¹² Klunzinger, p. 388.

¹³ Cf. for example the newapaper Al Jareeda, April 18, 1911, and the pamphlet "Mudarr ez Zar," "The Baneful Effect of the Zar," Cairo, 1903.

¹⁴ "Fetichism in West Africa," New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1904, pp. 72-74.